What is New Generation Sequencing
Next generation sequencing process has been spotlighted since 1990 when the human genome project started. The human genome project (1990-2003) is “the international research effort to determine the DNA sequence of the entire human genome. In 2003, an accurate and complete human genome sequence was finished two years ahead of schedule and at a cost less than the original estimated budget” (NHI). Before the human genome project, the Sanger DNA Sequencing was the major method to sequence the genomes. However, in 1994, the DNA microarray sequencing was developed, and since 2007, the 2nd generation DNA sequencing has spread around the world. Although the third generation & single molecule sequencing was invented in 2010, the second generation DNA sequencing process is used in various fields by many scientists in different countries. The Next Generation Sequencing has revolutionary speed, expandability, and high-quality database system to sequence the various applications worldwide and study the biological structure which was the unpossible level of performing.
How NGS works
The DNA shows double helix form and contains four types of nucleotides: Purines (Adenine, and Guanine), Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine). In addition, Adenine is attached to Thymine and Cytosine is attached to Guanine by polymerase enzyme. After attaching the DNA single strand template to the slide, PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction, replicates the identical form of templates. When scientists read the DNA template, scientists use the properties of each nucleotide. Each of the four nucleotides has a different color that fluoresce is and every spot has only one match to each other nucleotide. Therefore, the snapshot shows the different colors by cycles depending on how many pairs of nucleotides are in one template.
Next Generation Sequencing and prevention of food-borne bacteria
The Next Generation Sequencing contains many DNA sequence samples. This program allows the accurate comparison between different organisms and bacteria with less time-consuming. In late January, 2015, the listeria outbreak killed three people from consuming Ice cream of Texas company, Blue Bell. According to CDC, the Next Generation Sequencing found the causation of Listeria outbreak by comparing the different sequences of the bacteria from the large database. Brenda Jackson, a medical epidemiologist with CDC, proves, “Now that we’re turning whole-genome sequencing on, we’re identifying outbreak after outbreak,” says Brendan Jackson, a medical epidemiologist with CDC. We’re also finding smaller outbreaks that we weren’t able to find before” (Jackson). FDA: food and drug administration announced that they added the database for Salmonella and Escherichia coli to prepare the future outbreak.
Next Generation Sequencing and Precision Medicine
The importance of Precision Medicine has been illuminated in recent years. The medicine, injected to the patients, should be individualized by the different level of the organism's function and constitutional condition. The Next Generation Sequencing enables the prescription of precise medicine which has faster diagnosis, more successful effect of the medicine, and higher possibility to survive. For instance, the cancer diagnosis and injection of antibiotics rely on the Next Generation Sequencing. When the possibility of cancer is detected at the specific location by the Next Generation Sequencing, the patients can remove the suspect site of cancer and prevent the negative consequence before the cancer cells spread to the other organs. On the other hand, the antibiotic which shows the varieties needs to be used by individuals with different metabolic conditions and DNA sequences.
The vaccine of COVID-19 and NGS
The history of sequencing virus DNA to find the distinctive characteristic. In the late 1970s, using Sanger DNA Sequencing, a former doctora student George Brownlee focused on the H1 subtype of the human influenza A strain. The characteristic of the influenza is explained by saying, “One of the aims in sequencing the virus was to understand the genetic mechanism that underlies the outbreak of new influenza pandemics. The influenza genome is unusual in that it is made up of several RNA segments rather than one continuous genome. The H1A virus was known to contain eight single-stranded RNA segments, totalling 14,000 nucleotides. It was these segments Brownlee’s team set out to sequence” (WIB). Utilizing the Sequencing process, the Next Generation Sequencing can probe the DNA of COVID-19 virus. According to Illumina, in detection of SARS-VOV-2 and Diagnose COVID-19, the use of PCR/qPCR and Amplicon (NGS) compare the speed & Turnaround Time, Scalable & Cost-Effective, and Detection Antimicrobial resistance (Illumina).
As the chart shows, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV (COVID-19), PEDV, TGEV, MHV-GFP, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 manifest the distinct DNA Sequence in Coronavirus genes and Genome position by comparing between the unbiased NGS and Capture NGS. The difference of the DNA Sequence enables the creation of the vaccine and early diagnosis of detecting existence. The Next Generation Sequencing, following different sequencing machines with various databases, can become a solution of the outbreak.
Trends of NGS
The use of precision medicine by comparison between the DNA sequences has increased. According to the record, the global precision medicine market is set to witness a CAGR of 11.13% during the period between 2020 and 2030 (BIS Research). Moreover, the global next-generation sequencing market is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 17.5% during 2020-2026. Next-generation sequencing is also known as high-throughput sequencing. It is the process of determining the sequence of nucleotides in a section of the DNA. It includes procedures such as sequencing by ion semiconductor sequencing, synthesis (SBS), nanopore sequencing and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing (Research and Markets)
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Bibliography
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